8.3 and 8.4 Summary, Vocab and CC

8.3 and 8.4 Summary, Vocab and CC

8.3- No Vocab

8.3 summary

With each turn of the Calvin cycle, there are chemical inputs and output

6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2

By converting light energy to chemical energy, photosynthesis is the first step in the flow of energy through an ecosystem.

Calvin cycle is like a sugar factory inside a chloroplast. It is a cycle because, like the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration, the starting material is regenerated each time the process occurs.

8.3 CC

1. What are the inputs and outputs of the Calvin cycle?

The inputs of the Calvin cycle is three CO2's, 6 ATP, 6 ADP, 6 Phosphates, NADPH and NADP+. The output of the Calvin cycle is one GP3.

2. Which stage of photosynthesis uses each reactant from the overall photosynthesis equation? Which stage generates each product from the overall photosynthesis equation?

The stage of photosynthesis that uses each reactant from the overall photosynthesis equation is the Calvin cycle.

3. Why is the Calvin cycle called a cycle?

It is called a cycle because, like the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration, the starting material is regenerated each time the process occurs.

4. What molecule is the direct product of photosynthesis? How is that molecule then used by plant cells?

The direct product is Starch and Oxygen. The molecule is then used by the plant cells for building the basic materials of a plant and also nurturing. Some energy is stored for the next reaction to take place.

Chapter 8.4 Vocab

Carbon Cycle- the cycle where carbon molecule moves from inorganic molecules and organic molecules and back.

Greenhouse effect-process by which atmospheric gases trap heat close to Earth's surface and prevent it from escaping into space

Chapter 8.4 Summary

Things that occur globally can be traced back to the works of the mitochondria and chloroplast.
Through photosynthesis, producers such as grass convert inorganic carbon dioxide to organic compounds.
A key element of the Carbon cycle is carbon dioxide.
The total amount of organisms in the world plays a very significant part in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Chapter 8.4 CC

1. Give an example of carbon moving from an inorganic compound to an organic compound in the carbon cycle. Give an example of carbon moving from an organic to an inorganic compound.
Carbon moving from an inorganic compound to an organic compound- plants converting inorganic CO2 into organic things like Glucose.

Carbon moving from an organic to an inorganic compound- the dissolved sugar that goes back into the atmosphere when burned and it turns into CO2

2. How is carbon dioxide important to Earth's climate?
Carbon dioxide is important to Earth's climate because it plays a part in the making of the atmosphere and it provides plants to have enough CO2 to make photosynthesis happen. The plants then produce oxygen and many other things.

Chapter 8.1 and 8.2 Summary, Vocab and Concept Check

Vocab

Chloroplast- the organelle in a cell where photosynthesis takes place.
Chlorophyll- the chemical compounds that the chloroplast contain that gives it a green tinge because of the pigment inside it.
Stroma- The thick fluid that the membrane encloses
Thylakoids- the many disk shape sacs inside the stroma that is enclosed by a membrane.
Light Reactions- convert the sunlight into chemical energy
Calvin Cycle- makes sugar from the atom of the carbon dioxide plus hydrogen ions and the high energy electrons carried by the NADPH

Summary
The "fall" of electrons from glucose to oxygen releases energy then it is made into ATP
The process is 100% opposite to what occurs in photosynthesis
Inside the leaf, chloroplasts are bunched up in the cells of the mesophyll, the inner layer of tissue
of the plant cell.
The Calvin Cycle is referred to as a "light independent reaction.

Concept Check 8.1

1. Draw and label a simple diagram of a chloroplast that includes the following structures: outer and inner membranes, stroma, thylakoids.

2. What are the reactants for photosynthesis? What are the products?
The reactants for photosynthesis is Carbon Dioxide and Water. The products are Glucose and Oxygen

3. Name the two main stages of photosynthesis. How are the two stages related?
The two main stages of photosynthesis is the Light reaction and the Calvin Cycle. They are related because they both make things into energy for the plant.








8.2

Vocab

Wavelength- The distance between two adjacent waves.
Electromagnetic Spectrum-The types of electromagnetic energy that range from short waves to radio waves.
Pigment- Chemical compounds that determines a substances color.
Paper Chromatography- Using a laboratory technique.
Photosystem- chlorophyll and other molecules are arranged in clusters.

Summary

Light reactions take place in the membrane of the chloroplast.
Each time a pigment molecule absorbs light energy, one of the pigment's electrons gains energy.
Different pigments travel at different rates
Wavelengths can vary from gamma, short, long radio and more.
The light reactions convert light energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH.

Concept Check 8.2

1. Explain why a leaf appears green.
Leafs appear to be green because of chlorophyll which has a green pigment to it.
2. Describe what happens when a molecule of chlorophyll a absorbs light.
when a molecule of a chlorophyll a absorbs light, one of the pigment's electrons gains energy.
3. Besides oxygen, what two molecules are produced by the light reactions?
The water-splitting photosystem and the NADPH-producing photosystem.
4. Where in the chloroplast do the light reactions take place?
In the chloroplast, light reactions take place in the membrane of the chloroplast.

Questions 1-12

Reviewing Concepts
Multiple Choice
Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following is not an organic molecule?
a. cellulose
b. sucrose
c. water
d. testosterone

Answer: c

2. Which of the following terms includes all the other terms on this list?
a. polysaccharide
b. carbohydrate
c. monosaccharide
d. glycogen

Answer: B

3. Which term is most appropriate to describe a molecule that dissolves easily in water?
a. hydrocarbon
b. hydrophobic
c. hydrophilic
d. organic

Answer: C

4. Cholesterol is an example of what kind of molecule?
a. protein
b. lipid
c. amino acid
d. carbohydrate

Answer: B

5. The 20 amino acids vary only in their
a. carboxyl goups.
b. side groups.
c. amino groups.
d. lipid groups.

Answer: B

6. A specific reactant an enzyme acts upon is called the
a. catalyst.
b. sucrase.
c. active site.
d. substrate.

Answer: C

7. An enzyme does which of the following?
a. adds heat to a reaction, speeding it up
b. lowers the activation energy of a reaction
c. cools a reaction, slowing it down
d. raises the activation energy of a reaction

Answer: B

Short Answer
8. Besides satisfying your hunger, why else might you consume a big bowl of pasta the night before a race?

Answer: You need the carbohydrate to keep you're energy up during the big race.

9. How are glucose, sucrose, and starch related?

Answer: Sucrose and starch are related because they are all Saccharides.

10. What are steroids? Describe two functions they have in cells.

Answer: A steroid is a lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton with four fused rings. Two functions they have in cells would be: circling you're body with chemical signals, and make the appearance of a male and a female different.

11. How are polypeptides related to proteins?

Answer:Polypeptides build up the structure of the protein

12. How does denaturation affect the ability of a protein to function?

Answer: Denaturation affect the ability of a protein to function because it changes their shape so they might not function properly.

5.5

• Enzymes- specialized proteins that are the main catalysts of chemical reactions in organisms.
• Catalysts- compounds that speed up the chemical reaction.
• Activation energy- the energy needed to start up a chemical reaction
• Substrate- a specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme.
• Active site- a particular region of the enzyme where the substrate fits into.
• Hot molecules are strong enough to overcome the weak bonds
• An enzyme doesn't supply the activation energy to the reacting molecules but they lower the requirements for it to happen.
• 

Concept Check 5.5

• Explain the role of activation energy in a reaction. How does and enzyme affect activation energy?

• The activation energy provides the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction. An enzyme lowers the requirement of energy that is needed to activate the chemical reaction.

• Describe how a substrate interacts with an enzyme.

• A substrate is a specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme. It helps the enzyme to fit into a specific area.

5.4

• Protein- a polymer constructed with a set of 20 kinds of monomers that are called amino acids.

• Amino Acid- a monomer that has a central carbon that is then bonded with 4 partner in a covalent bond. Amino acids make up protein. there are only about 20 kinds of amino acids that make up the proteins.

• Polypeptide- a chain formed by amino acids that make proteins.
  
  

• Denaturation- an unnatural change in nature that causes the protein to change it's normal shape.

• Proteins form objects like hair, fur and muscles.

• The amino acids make up all the protein in the world with 20 types.

• polypeptide chains are mostly 100 amino acids long

• A protein in the form of amino acids linked together cannot function correctly

• A protein consists of more than 1 polypeptide twisted and folded together

• 1) Give at least two examples of proteins you can "see" in the world around you. What are their functions?

• Hair and fur are two types of protein that you can see in the world around you.
  

• 2) Relate amino acids, polypeptides, and proteins
• Amino acids make proteins and it makes a polypeptide chain which is usually more than 100 amino acids long.
  
  
• 3) Explain how heat can destroy a protein.
  
• Heat causes denaturation, a process when the protein breaks apart, making it malfunction. Protein is held together by weak side bonds or side bonds with water. Hot molecules can destroy this force because of the force it has.
  
• 4) Which parts of an amino acid's structure are the same in all amino acids? Which part is unique?
  all amino acids share the same 3 bonds. The center bond with the carbon, one to an hydrogen molecule, another to an amino acid and lastly, one to a carboxyl group. The part that is unique is the side group which determines what the protein would be like.

5.3

• Lipids- water avoiding compounds as found in oil.
• Hydrophobic- basically means "water fearing"
• Fat- made of three-carbon backbone called glycerol attached to three fatty acids which contain long hydrocarbon chains.
• Saturated Fat- fat in which all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atom.
• Unsaturated Fat- fat that contains less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in one or more of its fatty acid chains because some of its carbon atom are double-bonded to each other.
• Steroid- a lipid molecule in which the carbon skeleton forms four fused rings.
• Cholesterol- an essential molecule found in the membranes that surround your cells.
• Diets that consists of large amounts of saturated fats are unhealthy. These kind of diets have bad effects like the increasing amount of lipid-containing deposits in the blood vessels called plaques. This can slow down blood flow and cause heart disease.
  
• Steroids are classified as lipids because they are hydrophobic.
• Too much cholesterol can lead to heart and blood vessel disease.
• 

Concept Check 5.3

1) What property do lipids share?
They are all hydrophobic and stay away from water.
2)What are the parts of a fat molecule?
A fat molecule consist of a glycerol, fatty acids and a hydrocarbon chain.
3) Describe two ways that steroids differ from fats. Steroids travel around the body like chemical signals and steroids are made of four fused rings.
4) What does the term unsaturated fat on a food label mean? Unsaturated fat means that the food has fat that has less than the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms. Usually found in vegetables and fruits.

5.2

• Carbohydrate is compound made out of sugar

• Sugar made up of 1 Carbon 2 Hydrogen and 1 Oxygen.

• CH2O is the basic formula of any carbohydrate.

• Mono saccharides- sugars that contain one sugar unit

• Simple sugars are usually sweet like candy

• Glucose exists in straight chain and ring shaped forms

• Sugar molecules especially glucose are the main power source for you're body.

• Cells break down glucose and stores their energy

• Glucose usually makes fat molecules.

• Disaccharides- double sugar made from the dehydration reaction

• Sucrose is one of the most common disaccirides.

• Sucrose is a major carbohydrate found in plants

• Table sugar is processed from sugarcane which is broken down to glucose and fructose once in the body

• Polymer chains made up of simple sugar monomers are called polysaccharides.

• Starch is a polysaccharide found in plants and made of entirely glucose.

• Glycogen- a polysaccharide that is found in animals

• Cellulose- a polysaccharide found mostly in plants.

• Many people cannot digest cellulose because they lack the molecule necessary to break the bonds between the glucose monomers in cellulose.

• 
  

  Concept Check 5.2

  Explain the difference between a monosaccharide and a disaccharide.

• A monosaccharide is basically a simple sugar with one sugar unit. Glucose and fructose is a good example of a monosaccharide. A disaccharide is two or more monosaccharides combined and sucrose is a example.
  

  Compare and contrast starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

• All of the starch, glycogen and cellulose are basically polysaccharides that store energy. Starch (can only be found in plants) and glycogen store the energy that the body needs. Cellulose are basically the same thing but they are found in plants. They make plants stronger.
  

  How do animals store excess glucose molecules

• Animals store exess energy from glycogen. When needed, the glycogen breaks down and forms glucose. This would be a source of energy for animals.